Business Strategy and Sustainability

Question: Talk about the Business Strategy and Sustainability. Answer: Presentation The task will cover all the significant part of the chose association BHP. A definitive purpose of the task is to cover all the basic zones, which incorporates a basic piece of the organization activities. The goal of the examination is to lead a CSR Report, which will finish up about the inside procedures just as about the corporate social obligation of the association (Reviews, 2013). The idea of the corporate social obligation is one of the most significant part just as one of basic components in each business activities. There are some standard guidelines and guidelines, which an alternate association follows towards keeping up an appropriate CSR in the business procedures (Robinson, 2012). The possibility of an interior review is an autonomous, object confirmation movement, which mostly structured towards including esteem and improves an authoritative activity. The way toward observing the general working of the authoritative plans and strategies, which incorporates business structure, representative practices, and data framework, is known as the possibility of the interior review (Weirich, Churyk, Pearson, 2012). With the assistance of sorting out a legitimate evaluating process, the association will be extremely dynamic towards keeping up all the business morals in an effective way. Foundation of the organization BHP Billiton is an Anglo-Australian mining organization which, which for the most part bargains metals and oil, with its central command in Melbourne. Manageability, honesty, and responsibility are the key traits of the endeavor. It is probably the biggest maker of the greater part products including iron mineral, metallurgical coal, copper, and uranium. It is one of the most established mining organizations on the planet and Australia (BHP Billiton, 2016). The organization is consistently in a learning procedure and makes a legitimate headway with the advanced innovation. The drawn out nature of the organization is to build up a manageable just as a decent connection with the host wares where the association BHP Billiton work to make a positive commitment both the business just as in the general public (BHP Billiton, 2016). The goal of the task is to cover all the significant viewpoints, which will concentrate on what are the various types of components, which this specific associat ion has done during the time spent building up a legitimate corporate social obligation. The business technique of the association put together towards with respect to working resources, which will concentrate on ware, geology, and market (Coombs Holladay, 2012). To accomplish these three factors, the general target of the association is to keep up a legitimate progression of work, which will at the same time search for the assorted variety of the work and the authoritative possibility (Gond Moon, 2012). Investigation of the examination The motivation behind the examination is to feature what are the various types of measures, which this specific association has created to fabricate an appropriate corporate social obligation. The thought of the corporate social obligation will feature the tasks of the business in a suitable way, which will center towards followings various morals (Gonzalez-Perez Leonard, 2013). There are sure elements of corporate social duty. A portion of the basic perspectives, which this association follows in the general business tasks, are featured in the accompanying piece of the examination (Abramowicz, 2013). Natural concerns, human rights, showcase relations, maintainability and corporate control are a portion of the key components of the corporate social duty. In any case, there are a few points of interest, which needs to accentuation in the general procedure of keeping up an appropriate CSR model in the association (AhãÅ"â £mad Crowther, 2013). A portion of the principle points of inte rest of the corporate social duty incorporate representative faithfulness and worker maintenance. It likewise helped the association to build notoriety and brand picture in the business activities. It goes about as a method of notice and advancement, which various gatherings grows regardless of nature just as the goal of the business procedures (Haynes, Murray, Dillard, 2012). The procedure of the association is to claim just as work enormous, long-life, an expandable item in the market. The designs for the association stayed unaltered in the general business activities. The general idea of the CSR relates basically towards accomplishing the result from the administrative choices for concerning various types of explicit issues just as various types of explicit issues (Amaeshi, Nnodim, Osuji, 2013). The effect of a companys activity for the advancement of the general public is a lot of significant for the business. The investigation will cover all the significant part of how this specific association contributes just as builds up the general CSR model in the business procedure (Haynes, Murray, Dillard, 2013). Beforehand, in the corporate world, the monetary primary concern and the investor's arrival on speculation have been the fundamental drivers for the organization towards estimating achievement (Boubaker Nguyen, 2012). The association in the investigati on keeps up a high perspective in the general dynamic strategy for the general public. This piece of the investigation will cover the various points of interest just as angles, which BHB Billiton is profited while applying a high CSR model. Keeping social obligation before the brain urges the business to get ethically and to think about the social and ecological effect of the firm (Coombs Holladay, 2012). In various cases, the association will discover ways towards changing the administration or worth chain, which will convey benefits for the network. Extent of Engagement of CSR This piece of the examination will finish a general review process, which will close how BHP Billiton acts in the corporate social duty. There are six stages, which will finish an effective just as persistent review process, which will focus on the key zones of the corporate social duty of the association (Idowu, Capaldi, Zu, Das Gupta, 2013). Building up need territories and deciding the procedure recurrence are the significant advance, which various supervisors need to contemplate before doing the switch into a constant evaluating process. There are various types of hierarchical zones, which various inspectors regardless of the idea of the idea of the business incorporate (Gattiker, 2013). By examining all the significant elements, the action of picking the authoritative is one of the key destinations of the reviewers (Millichamp Taylor, 2012). The inspector is a lot of worried about what are the key zones that the organization centers around while contributing towards the improvem ent of the general public. The record has chosen to actualize six nonstop procedures towards deciding the commitment of the CSR in the general plan of action. The initial step is to examine the key need regions, which are required by the association to concentrate on the critical parts of the corporate social duty. At that point the reviewer needs to recognize appropriate observing and ceaseless review rules. Deciding the procedure of the survey principles and the procedure of recurrence is another noteworthy which larger part of the examiners acts in the general evaluating process (Gond Moon, 2012). There are various types of examining boundaries which various inspectors independent of the idea of the exhibition receives in the general evaluating process. The most pivotal piece of the check procedure is to build up a legitimate following up process. With the assistance of the suitable observing procedure, the examiner in the general business procedure will have the option to coordinate the genuine exhibition of the association with the arranged presentation (Gonzalez-Perez Leonard, 2013). Correspondence the outcomes will join the both the positive effect just as the negative results of the procedures of the business. Results may be certain or negative. Positive outcomes will help the assurance of the workers, and the directors need to proceed as generally investigate the negative outcomes in the general authoritative techniques (Haynes, Murray, Dillard, 2012). Dissecting the present Understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility As talked about in the past segment of the examination, building up the need regions of the inspecting plans and methods is one of the key responsibility of the reviewing plans and systems. The business procedure, which is recognized in the activities, is the utilization of the CSR (Haynes, Murray, Dillard, 2013). Understanding the accessibility of the consistent review procedure will acquire various types of advantages the procedures. Diverse association independent of the idea of the business adheres to various standards and guidelines towards finishing the thought of Corporate Social Responsibilities. By and by, it has gotten one of the mandatory in the firm towards contributing a piece of the benefit for the improvement of the general public. BHPs Commitment to corporate social duty In view of the service of corporate issues there are sure principles and guidelines which greater part of the organizations in Australia follows in the activities of the business are featured in the accompanying piece of the examination method (Idowu, Capaldi, Zu, Das Gupta, 2013). The association adheres to all the standards and guidelines created by the administration body in an effective way. Coming up next are the key regions, which this specific gathering in the examination BHP Billiton centers around while performing Corporate Social Responsibility. The organization centers around killing yearning, destitution, advancing preventive human services and making accessible for safe drinking water. Improving training in the monetary foundation area of the nation is one of the fundamental points. It incorporates singular training and administration enh

Marshall Plan Essay

How significant was the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan to the crystallization of Cold War Tensions in Europe in the years 1945-1951? While considering the crystallization of Cold War strains in Europe one can not neglect the effect of both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Despite the fact that occasions were frequently ‘a pattern of activity and response which makes the ID of extreme causes troublesome and most likely impossible’ both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan flagged a defining moment in relations among east and west Europe. The cementing of Cold War strains in Europe is, for this exposition, where obviously relations between the United Sates and the Soviet Union were unsalvageable as their ideological contrasts turned out to be progressively spellbound. In spite of the fact that the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were considered by the American organization as ‘two parts of the equivalent walnut’ to completely investigate the outcomes of the American arrangements one must gander at them independently. The Truman Doctrine hailed in another period for the US’s international strategy through the meaning of control and the presentation of formal organizations, for example, the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence office and the Department of Defense. This demonstrated a move towards a progressively confident international strategy, ostensibly inciting the Soviet Union and heightening strains between the two forces. Also the Marshall Plan’s infringement on what the USSR saw as their authoritative reach through their proposal of budgetary guide set off an undermined Soviet Russia to strengthen their position over satellite states. Their sensational activities in Czechoslovakia can be viewed as proof of the significance of the job the Marshall Plan played in heightening strains in Europe as these occasions can be seen as an immediate outcome of transforming US international strategy. Anyway to completely value the complexities of the issues secured when taking a gander at the improvement of Cold War pressures in Europe one must place these occasions in a more extensive logical system. To disregard the political, social or monetary issues which structure the foundation of this time span is distort the issue. It is thusly basic to look as the circumstance from both US and Soviet perspectives while considering the issues the countries were managing locally. By 1951 Europe was certainly isolated, with two force coalitions rising, east and west. While the definition of these pressures had begun from a mutual history going back to before the war, the zenith of these strains is obviously connected to both the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan as they ‘solidified divisions of Europe’. The Truman Doctrine, through the job it played in laying out the Soviet Union as the foe and characterizing the American strategy of control, was a gigantically critical advance towards the crystallization of Cold War Tensions in Europe. The Truman Doctrine contended that, after Britain’s need to lessen its cooperation in helping Greece, congress should ‘immediately broaden money related aid’ due to the danger of ‘communist domination’. Nonetheless, a long way from exclusively requesting monetary and military guide for Greece and Turkey the tenet assumed the job of requiring the ‘global control of communism’. The mix of a meaning of the United States’ international strategy towards socialism and the exhibit of their dedication through activity helped the move towards a partitioned Europe. Moreover it cemented and characterized the belief system whereupon US international strategy was made. A key result of the Truman Doctrine was the progressions it caused in the United States’ dynamic procedure. As Painter clarifies, the help evoked for the methodology of control implied that American organizations were ‘able to follow up on their convictions about the connection between governmental issues, financial aspects and US security’. This flagged a time where the US would base their international strategy around their industrialist belief system, one totally at chances with the Soviet Union. These convictions were fortified by the presentation of new administrative organizations, for example, the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence office and the Department of Defense seemingly moving towards a more ‘activist outside policy’ introducing an unmistakable danger to the USSR. Kennan, seen as the dad of regulation was a vital figure in the development of Cold War pressures in Europe through his compositions that propelled the Truman convention. While taking a gander at the impacts of the Truman Doctrine it is basic that we take a gander at the job Kennan took in not just advancing control as a system of international strategy yet additionally characterizing the Soviet Union. From Moscow Kennan sent the ‘Long Telegram’ proposing that the USSR was a forceful country and that the main fruitful type of American international strategy would be a drawn out methodology of regulation. Kennan urged the US to see the Soviet Union as ‘inherently expansionist and aggressive’, as a result proposing that the USSR ought to be viewed as the adversary. While Kennan clarified his activities as not ‘directed at battling socialism however rebuilding of financial health’ in Europe unmistakably his steady talk depicting the Soviet Union as a danger that should have been contained did a lot to not just reassuring household dread and hostile to socialist perspectives yet additionally to incite the Soviet Union into changing its international strategy. Kennan would additionally impact the heightening of pressures through the job he played in the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan, similar to the Truman Doctrine, might not have planned to separate Europe, for various reasons this was the ultimate result. Based around the thoughts that ‘The seeds of authoritarian systems are supported by hopelessness and want’ the Marshall Plan was viewed as important to keep away from the spread of socialism. The Marshall Plan was seen by the American organization as the ‘next significant advance against the apparent Russian threat’ as it was basic to expel the hopelessness and need which was overflowing in a monetarily demolished Europe. Notwithstanding, to the USSR the Marshall Plan was seen in an unexpected way, it was a western endeavor to infringe on their effective reach. The Marshall Plan had far more extensive arriving at outcomes that basically supporting a recuperating Europe financially. Through taking a gander at the Soviet response to the Marshall Plan we see that it assumed a key job in the crystallization of Cold War strains in Europe. The response to the Marshall plan by the Soviet Union denoted a defining moment in relations among east and west Europe as they served to part nations whose belief systems were floating further separated. As the Marshall Plan was ostensibly the flash set off the chain of occasions it very well may be viewed as massively significant in the crystallization of Cold War strains in Europe. While the Truman regulation may have put a strain on relations among America and the Soviet Union the Marshall Plan as Myrdal, who guided the Economic Commission for Europe saw it, it would ‘secure the iron window ornament and welcome on war’. The Marshall plan along these lines appears to have been where Europe was part as it introduced to the countries of Europe the decision between the two incredible forces and their belief systems. To revisionist students of history, for example, Kolko the Marshall plan effectively brought Soviet feelings of trepidation to the fore and in this manner expanding strains. Unmistakably the Marshall plan ‘forced Stalin to reevaluate his position towards East and West Europe’ which raised Cold War strains. Numerous revisionist students of history will contend that the Soviet response to the Marshall Plan was one characteristic for a nation that felt powerless and enduring an onslaught. It could be contended that the Marshall Plan according to the USSR was a coordinated endeavor by the United States to sabotage Soviet impact in Eastern Europe. To Taubman and Kolko it is in this manner clear that it was the Marshall Plan that started the heightening of pressures. While it could be contended this was not the situation as the Marshall Plan was available to Soviet support Crockartt shows that the US organization found a way to maintain a strategic distance from socialist cooperation in the arrangement. Kennan, who as previously mentioned had been clear about his perspectives on regulation and the Soviet Union ensured that the arrangement ‘be done in such a structure, that Russian satellites would either reject themselves†¦or consent to surrender the select direction of their economies’. This accordingly supported divisions inside Europe, as now there was an away from of whether the nation bought in to East or West philosophies. Moreover many contend that the incorporation of Soviet states was because of a ‘desire not to welcome the charge that the ERP was an enemy of socialist measure’ as opposed to an authentic proposal of budgetary guide. One could accordingly contend that it was not astounding that the arrangement caused strains, as soviet consideration was profoundly improbable. The degree to which the Soviet Union felt compromised can be seen through activities taken because of the Marshall plan, seen by students of history, for example, Gaddis as a defining moment in the advancement of the Cold War. The Soviet Union presently appeared to follow up on a desire to join the socialist gatherings around Eastern Europe through the presentation of associations, for example, Comiform. The Communist data Bureau can be viewed as an endeavor by Stalin to bring the socialist gatherings around Europe under increasingly soviet control. Besides the Molotov Plan, seen by numerous individuals as a Soviet variant of the Marshall plan, intended to give monetary guide to battling economies that fell under soviet impact. The impact the Marshall Plan can be seen plainly through the presentation of the Molotov plan as it proposes that eit

Baker, James Addison, 3d

Baker, James Addison, 3d Baker, James Addison, 3d, 1930â€", U.S. political leader, b. Houston, Tex. After graduating from Princeton, he served in the U.S. Marines and earned a law degree from the Univ. of Texas. A successful corporate lawyer, he switched from the Democratic to the Republican party in 1970 and served (1975â€"76) as undersecretary of commerce during Gerald Ford 's administration. Baker was campaign manager for Ford in his unsuccessful bid for a second term in 1976 and for George H. W. Bush in his unsuccessful bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980. Under President Ronald Reagan , Baker served as chief of staff (1981â€"85) and as secretary of the treasury (1985â€"88). He helped secure passage of the Kemp-Roth tax cut. In 1988 he managed G. H. W. Bush's successful presidential campaign. As secretary of state (1989â€"92) in Bush's administration, Baker negotiated arms reduction treaties with the Soviet Union, lent U.S. support to Germany's reunification, marshaled internation al opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait (1990; see Persian Gulf Wars ), and convened (1991) a Middle East peace conference that involved Israel, several Arab countries, and the Palestinians. In 1992, he resigned to become White House chief of staff again, with responsibility for domestic policy and for overseeing the unsuccessful Bush reelection campaign. Baker later returned to law practice, and served (1997â€"2004) as UN envoy to the parties in the Western Sahara conflict. He also directed George W. Bush 's legal efforts with respect to the contested 2000 presidential vote in Florida, and was appointed President G. W. Bush's personal envoy, charged with restructuring Iraq's national debt, in late 2003. In 2006 he co-chaired the Iraq Study Group, a bipartisan panel established by Congress to review and make recommendations on U.S. policy concerning Iraq. Baker has written The Politics of Diplomacy (1995, with T. M. DeFrank) and Work Hard, Study?…?and Keep Out of Politic s (2006, with S. Fiffer), a memoir. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Louisa May Alcotts Family Tree and Genealogy

Louisa May Alcott, best known as the author of Little Women, never married and has no descendants. Her rich ancestry, however, stretches back to early America and Europe and includes many well-known people, including her father, famous transcendentalist Bronson Alcott. Many people can claim a relation to Louisa May Alcott through her siblings, cousins and other relatives. Born on November 29, 1832 in Germantown, Pennsylvania (now a part of Philadelphia), Louisa May Alcott was the second of four girls born to Bronson Alcott and his wife, Abigail May. The March family everyone came to love in her books is based on her own family, with Louisa as her alter-ego Jo and her sisters as the other three little women. Louisa May Alcott died just two days after her father, on March 4, 1888 from long-term side-effects of mercury poisoning. She initially acquired this disorder from the drug calomel (which is laden with mercury) that doctors used to treat the typhoid fever she contracted while volunteering as a nurse during the Civil War. Louisa May Alcott is buried on Authors Ridge in Concords Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, with her family. Nearby, are the graves of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau. First Generation Reading the Ahnentafel genealogical numbering system is not difficult once you understand how this family tree is arranged. 1. Louisa May ALCOTT was born on 29 Nov 1832 in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. and died on 6 Mar 1888 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Ma. Second Generation (Parents) 2. Amos Bronson ALCOTT was born on 29 Nov 1799 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 4 Mar 1888. He married Abigail MAY on 23 May 1830. 3. Abigail MAY was born on 8 Oct 1800 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Ma. and died in 1877. Amos Bronson ALCOTT and Abigail MAY had the following children: i. Anna Bronson ALCOTT was born on 16 Mar 1831 in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.1 ii. Louisa May ALCOTTiii. Elizabeth Sewall ALCOTT was born on 24 Jun 1835 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Ma. and died on 14 Mar 1858.iv. May ALCOTT was born on 26 Jul 1840 in Concord, Middlesex Co., Ma. Third Generation (Grandparents) 4. Joseph Chatfield ALCOTT was born on 7 May 1771 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 3 Apr 1829. He married Anna BRONSON on 13 Oct 1796 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. 5. Anna BRONSON was born on 20 Jan 1773 in Jerico, New London, Ct. and died on 15 Aug 1863 in West Edmeston, Ostego Co., New York. Joseph Chatfield ALCOTT and Anna BRONSON had the following children: i. Betsey ALCOTT was born on 4 Apr 1798 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 5 Nov 1798.2 ii. Amos Bronson ALCOTTiii. Chatfield ALCOTT was born on 23 Oct 1801.iv. Pamelia ALCOTT was born on 4 Feb 1805 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 11 Feb 1849.v. Betsey ALCOTT was born on 14 Feb 1808 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct.vi. Phebe ALCOTT was born on 18 Feb 1810 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 28 Jul 1844.vii. George ALCOTT was born on 26 Mar 1812 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. and died on 12 Jul 1812.viii. Junius ALCOTT was born on 6 Jul 1818 and died on 16 Apr 1852.ix. Ambrose ALCOTT was born on 10 Sep 1820 in Wolcott, New Haven, Ct. 6. Joseph MAY was born on 25 Mar 1760 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 27 Feb 1841 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. He married Dorothy SEWELL on 28 Dec 1784 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 7. Dorothy SEWELL was born on 23 Dec 1758 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 31 Oct 1825 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. Joseph MAY and Dorothy SEWELL had the following children: i. Charles MAY was born on 2 Nov 1785 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 21 Mar 1856 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass.ii. Catharine MAY was born on 30 Dec 1786 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died in 1814 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass.iii. Louisa MAY was born on 31 Dec 1792 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 14 Nov 1828 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass.iv. Edward MAY was born on 26 Aug 1795 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 29 Apr 1802 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass.v. Samuel Joseph MAY was born on 12 Sep 1797 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 1 Jul 1871 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass.vi. Elizabeth Sewall MAY was born on 5 Dec 1798 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 5 Mar 1822 in Portland, Cumberland Co., Maine.3 vii. Abigail MAYviii. Louisa C. Greenwood MAY was born on 2 Dec 1810 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 23 Sep 1891 in Roxbury, Norfolk Co., Mass. Fourth Generation (Great Grandparents) 8. Captain John  ALCOX  was born on 28 Dec 1731 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 27 Sep 1808 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. He married Mary CHATFIELD on 28 Aug 1755 in Connecticut. 9. Mary CHATFIELD was born on 11 Oct 1736 in Derby, New Haven, Conn. and died on 28 Feb 1807 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. She was christened 7  Noc  1736 in First Congregational Church of Derby. Captain John ALCOX and Mary CHATFIELD had the following children: i. Lydia ALCOTT was born on 8 Dec 1756 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 23 Sep 1831.ii. Solomon ALCOTT was born on 8 May 1759 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 21 May 1818 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn.iii. Samuel ALCOTT was born on 29 Nov 1761 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 9 Jun 1819.iv. John Blakeslee ALCOTT was born on 24 Jun 1764 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 17 Sep 1837.v. Mary ALCOTT was born on 8 Sep 1766 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 18 Feb 1770.vi. Isaac ALCOTT was born on 12 Apr 1769 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 12 Sep 1809.4  vii.  Joseph Chatfield ALCOTTviii. Mark ALCOTT was born on 11 May 1773 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. and died on 21 Nov 1846.ix. Thomas ALCOTT was born on 16 Oct 1775 and died on 27 Apr 1778. 10. Amos BRONSON was born on 3 Feb 1729/30 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 2 Sep 1819 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. He married Anna BLAKESLEY on 3 Jun 1751 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. 11. Anna BLAKESLEY was born on 6 Oct 1733 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 3 Dec 1800 in Plymouth, Litchfield, Conn. Amos BRONSON and Anna BLAKESLEY had the following children: i. Noah Miles BRONSON was born on 15 Jul 1767 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 8 Sep 1859 in Weymouth, Medina Co., Ohio.5  ii.  Anna BRONSON 12. Samuel MAY was born. He married Abigail WILLIAMS. 13. Abigail WILLIAMS was born. Samuel MAY and Abigail WILLIAMS had the following children: 6  i.  Joseph MAY 14. Samuel SEWELL was born on 2 May 1715 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 19 Jan 1771 in Holliston, Middlesex Co., Mass. He married Elizabeth QUINCY on 18 May 1749 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 15. Elizabeth QUINCY was born on 15 Oct 1729 in Quincy, Norfolk Co., Mass. and died on 15 Feb 1770. Samuel SEWELL and Elizabeth QUINCY had the following children: i. Elizabeth SEWELL was born on 12 Mar 1750 and died in 1789.ii. Samuel SEWELL was born on 11 Dec 1757 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 7 Jun 1814 in Wiscasset, Lincoln Co., Maine.7  iii.  Dorothy SEWELL Fifth Generation (Great, Great Grandparents) 16. John ALCOCK was born on 14 Jan 1705 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 6 Jan 1777 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. He married Deborah BLAKESLEE on 14 Jan 1730 in North Haven, New Haven, Conn. 17. Deborah BLAKESLEE was born on 15 Mar 1713 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 7 Jan 1789 in Wolcott, New Haven, Conn. John ALCOCK and Deborah BLAKESLEE had the following children: i. Lydia ALCOTT was born on 24 Nov 1730 in North Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 15 Nov 1796 in North Haven, New Haven, Conn.8  ii.  Captain John ALCOXiii. James ALCOTT was born on 1 Jun 1734 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 9 Aug 1806.iv. Jesse ALCOTT was born on 23 Mar 1736 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 29 Oct 1809.v. Daniel ALCOTT was born on 25 Mar 1738 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 24 May 1805.vi. David ALCOTT was born on 12 Jan 1740 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 29 Jan 1821.vii. Deborah ALCOTT was born in 1742 in Waterbury, New Haven, Conn. and died on 18 Jun 1831.viii. Mary ALCOTT was born in 1744 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 6 Mar 1825.ix. Thankful ALCOTT was born in 1748 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 1 Mar 1839.x. Hannah ALCOTT was born in 1751 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 1 Mar 1821.xi. Anna ALCOTT was born about 1753 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 5 Feb 1822 in Wol cott, New Haven, Conn.xii. Stephen ALCOTT was born about 1757 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. 18. Solomon CHATFIELD was born on 13 Aug 1708 and died in 1779. He married Hannah PIERSON on 12 Jun 1734. 19. Hannah PIERSON was born on 4 Aug 1715 and died on 15 Mar 1801. She is buried in Oxford Congregational Cemetery, Oxford, Conn. Solomon CHATFIELD and Hannah PIERSON had the following children: i. Joseph CHATFIELD was born on 4 Apr 1735 and died about 1795.9  ii.  Mary CHATFIELDiii. Hannah CHATFIELD was born about 1738.iv. Lois CHATFIELD was born about 1741.v. Eunice CHATFIELD was born on 6 Feb 1743 and died in 1823.vi. Rachel CHATFIELD was born about 1745 and died on 11 May 1778.vii. Comfort CHATFIELD was born about 1749.viii. Anna CHATFIELD was born about 1752 and died on 11 Sep 1853.ix. Comfort CHATFIELD was born about 1756 and died on 3 Nov 1798. 28. Joseph SEWELL was born on 15 Aug 1688 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 27 Jun 1769 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. He married Elizabeth WALLEY on 29 Oct 1713 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 29. Elizabeth WALLEY was born on 4 May 1693 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 27 Oct 1713 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. Joseph SEWELL and Elizabeth WALLEY had the following children: 14  i.  Samuel SEWELLii. Joseph SEWELL was born on 13 Jul 1719 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. and died on 18 Aug 1719 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 30. Edmund QUINCY was born on 13 Jun 1703. He married Elizabeth WENDELL on 15 Apr 1725 in Boston, Suffolk Co., Mass. 31. Elizabeth WENDELL was born. Edmund QUINCY and Elizabeth WENDELL had the following children: 15  i.  Elizabeth QUINCY Sixth Generation (Great, Great, Great Grandparents) 32. John ALCOTT was born on 14 Jul 1675 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died in Mar 1722 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. He married Susanna HEATON on 8 May 1698 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. 33. Susanna HEATON was born on 12 Apr 1680 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 3 Mar 1736 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. John ALCOTT and Susanna HEATON had the following children: i. Abigail ALCOTT was born in 1703 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died in 1771.16  ii.  John ALCOCKiii. Elizabeth ALCOTT was born on 31 Jul 1708 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 23 Jan 1782 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.iv. Sarah ALCOTT was born on 11 Aug 1711 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died in 1757.v. Stephen ALCOTT was born on 10 Aug 1714 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died in Feb 1742.vi. Mary ALCOTT was born on 10 Aug 1717 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. 34. John BLAKESLEE was born on 15 Jul 1676 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 30 Apr 1742 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. He married Lydia in 1696. 35. Lydia died on 12 Oct 1723 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. John BLAKESLEE and Lydia had the following children: i. Elizabeth BLAKESLEE was born on 1 Mar 1702 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.17  ii.  Deborah BLAKESLEEiii. Mary BLAKESLEE was born on 5 Apr 1720 and died about 1799. 36. John CHATFIELD was born on 8 Apr 1661 in Guilford, New Haven, Conn. and died on 7 Mar 1748. He married Anna HARGER on 5 Feb 1685 in Derby, New Haven, Conn. 37. Anna HARGER was born on 23 Feb 1668 in Stratford, Fairfield, Conn. and died in 1748. John CHATFIELD and Anna HARGER had the following children: i. Sarah CHATFIELD was born on 5 Dec 1686 and died on 20 Jun 1721.ii. Mary CHATFIELD was born on 23 Apr 1689.iii. Abigail CHATFIELD was born on 2 Sep 1693.iv. John CHATFIELD was born on 26 Feb 1697 and died on 30 Oct 1793.v. Samuel CHATFIELD was born on 28 Aug 1699 and died on 17 May 1785.vi. Ebenezer CHATFIELD was born on 4 Jul 1703 and died about 1789.18  vii.  Solomon CHATFIELD 38. Abraham PIERSON was born about 1680 and died on 12 May 1758. He married Sarah TOMLINSON. 39. Sarah TOMLINSON was born about 1690 and died on 12 May 1758. Abraham PIERSON and Sarah TOMLINSON had the following children: i. Sarah PIERSON was born on 19 Aug 1705 and died in 1750.ii. Abraham PIERSON was born on 28 Jul 1707 and died in 1781.iii. Mary PIERSON was born on 26 Oct 1712 and died in 1790.19  iv.  Hannah PIERSONv. Stephen PIERSON was born on 4 Mar 1720 and died in 1758.vi.  Barchua  PIERSON was born on 1 Dec 1726. Seventh Generation (Great, Great, Great, Great Grandparents) 64. Phillip ALCOTT was born in 1648 in Dedham, Norfolk, Mass. and died in 1715 in Wethersfield, Hartford, Conn. He married Elizabeth MITCHELL on 5 Dec 1672 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. 6 5. Elizabeth MITCHELL was born on 6 Aug 1651 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. Phillip ALCOTT and Elizabeth MITCHELL had the following children: 32  i.  John ALCOTTii. Thomas ALCOTT was born in 1677 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 2 Apr 1757 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.iii. Elizabeth ALCOTT was born on 6 Feb 1679 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.iv. Phillip ALCOTT was born on 19 Nov 1681 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn.v. Agnes ALCOTT was born in 1683 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. and died on 8 Feb 1782. 66. James HEATON was born about 1632 and died on 16 Oct 1712 in New Haven, New Haven, Conn. He married Sarah STREET on 20 Nov 1662. 67. Sarah STREET was born about 1640. James HEATON and Sarah STREET had the following children: i. Nathaniel HEATON was born on 19 Nov 1664 and died in 1725.ii. Abigail HEATON33  iii.  Susanna HEATONiv. Anna HEATON was born on 23 Dec 1682.

The Crusades Were A Movement Of Broken Military Fights

The Crusades were a movement of broken military fights in the years from 1096 to 1487, approved by various Popes. Amid these circumstances Islam and Christianity were the more well known religions and their perspectives of religion contrasted from various perspectives. This brought about strain and division between the two. The Pope conveyed a call for kindred Christians to go along with him against the Muslims in war. This was the begin of the Crusades. One of the Pope s primary objectives was to guarantee access to the Holy Land that was under Muslim control. Another of his objectives was to rejoin the Eastern and Western branches of Christendom, segregated after their split in 1054, and develop himself as pioneer of the United Church. The devotees of these gatherings where brisk to join for what they believed was for their God. The subject of this paper is to show what drove the general population to join and stay in the battle. In the first place, the general population in nowadays were not that informed, so they got their initiative and consultative from their religious and common pioneers (Jones 63). They were exceptionally subject to pioneers for direction and the pioneers exploited this open door. The Religious pioneers for the Christians took a melody and verse heading. They utilized melodies and verse to persuade the normal individuals and nobles to join the battle against the Muslims (Jones 64). The impact that takes after is two-fold. To start with, the normalShow MoreRelatedRichard the Lionheart vs Saladin3439 Words   |  14 PagesSALADIN THE THIRD CRUSADE TIM PARRY, JR. Chapman University 26 November 2003 HIST 306 DR. W. F. LEE Bibliography Reston, James. Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade. New York: Doubleday, 2001. Ballou, Robert O. The Portable World Bible. New York: Penguin Books, 1944. Tierney, Brian. Western Europe in the Middle Ages: 300-1475, Sixth Edition. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999. INTRODUCTION OF SALADIN And fight for the cause of GodRead MoreThe Crusades Paper3827 Words   |  16 PagesThe Crusades were expeditions that originated in completion of a solemn vow in order to deliver the Holy areas from Mohammedan domination. The origin of the word can be traced to the cross. This meaningful cross was worn as a badge on the outer garment of those who took part in these enterprises and also made out of cloth. Since the Middle Ages, the meaning of the word crusade has been comprehended to contain all wars undertaken in the act or practice of pursuing a vow. It was also directed againstRead MoreA Reasoned Reconstruction Of The Past2140 Words   |  9 Pagesaccording to what seemed beneficial to the country and its communities. As the North and South were focusing on the reconciliation vision, the emancipationist vision and the question of the millions of slaves that somewhat started the war was overwhelmed and overlooked for sake of reunion, which changed how the war would be vie wed later. After the war had occurred, many whites were focusing on healing their broken families, and bringing the American family back together (referring to the North and South)Read MoreNational Socialism, Primary And Secondary Objectives Essay2551 Words   |  11 Pages If a person thinks that the United States political structure is currently broken and beaten, consequently how does National Socialism factor into the person’s ideological. National Socialism is that one movement where people backed it and when it failed everybody claimed they never supported it or were forced into it by the supporters, in this case, Nazis. When the Nazis started World War Two, the purpose was to regain the pride and respect of Germany at the level that the Nazis thought matchedRead MoreEssay about Vietnam War in Film: Oliver Stone’s Platoon1800 Words   |  8 Pagesspiraled upward, morale sagged in many sectors of the U.S. military. Many units suffered from internal tensions, t he crippling and terrifying environment, drug use, unwillingness to fight, and the sense that the war was for nothing. Also, there was no doubt that battlefield atrocities were being committed by Americans, especially after the Mai Lai massacre. Finally, even more chilling and demoralizing was the practice of fragging. Fragging is military slang for the killing or wounding of a soldier or officerRead MoreChristianity as a Unifying Influence in the History of Europe6059 Words   |  25 Pagesmissionary work, its monasteries, its education, it pilgrimages, its crusades, its influence on art and architecture and its Papacy it had united the peoples of Europe. By the thirteenth century all of Europe was Christian. Its ideas penetrated every aspect of life and every political and economic arrangement. Its churches could be seen in the major cities as well as the mountainside villages of rural Europe. Its bishops were part of the politics of countries at the highest level and for manyRea d MoreThe Holocaust And The Nazi Era Essay1956 Words   |  8 Pageshow the Jews were treated during WWII and during the 13th and 14th century in Europe. What happened during the Holocaust was such a horrible thing, but it makes me appreciate everything in today’s world. The treatment of Jews in WWII was very horrible during the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the killing of six million European Jews, by Adolf Hitler. The word Holocaust comes from the Greek origin, meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire.† The Nazi’s had the idea in their head that the Germans were racially superiorRead MoreSocial Problems of the Troubles in Ireland1994 Words   |  8 Pagesorganizations that appealed to many to fight the ongoing battles of Irish culture. At first there was the Irish Tennant League that dealt with the land distribution. (Douglas, 52) Then a secret militia of Irish veterans came together on Saint Patrick’s Day to create an Organization that would lead the crusade of Ireland. Most of the organizations were made up of the lower-middle class and the lower-class population. These gave way to bombings, riots, rebellions, and movements. (Douglas, 53-54) Many believedRead MoreEssay on Constantinoples Fall1941 Words   |  8 Pagestogether. There was no longer an eternal Rome served by subject peoples. There could be only salvage† (Lamb 18). Constantine looked east toward Byzantium. The Byzantines were an isolated bunch that never really had a role in The Roman Empires growth, yet there was no overlooking Constantine’s certainty. Haste fully, structures were erected and a fortified wall was constructed around the city and in the year 330, during the 276 Olympiad, it was dedicated as â€Å"The almost forgotten name of Anthusa† (LambRead MoreEssay about Bismarcks Domestic Policy Assessment1989 Words   |  8 Pages Reichsfeinde - enemies of the state, were one of Bismarcks main miscalculations during his time as chancellor. Bismarck saw the Catholics, Socialists and ethnic minorities as a danger to the state of Germany he had created. Bismarck also used his Reichsfeinde as a mask across the true face of Germany, hiding the people from reality as they became increasingly involved with his political crusades. In Bismarcks fight against the Catholic Church he sided with the

Kafka Free Essays

string(74) " because without it we would feel worthless and needless to say, useless\." This simple yet ingenious quote by Kafka does make one stop and think, is life really that meaningless? How can one concur if life is meaningless or not? Before these questions can be answered, one must ask, what is meaning? Amazingly enough, meaning is something we create ourselves. We attach meaning to everything around us whether it be language, a person, an item, or even a pencil. Meaning comes from within us, making us the sole contributor to our own existence. We will write a custom essay sample on Kafka or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, nothing has meaning unless one was to ttach meaning to it, and to attach meaning to anything proves one has created an identity, and that identity allows one to exist. Mortal life by definition comes to an end whether one likes it or not, and because of this, we are always facing the pressure of extinction. The way we cope with this pressure is by giving meaning to the things we do, the things we love, and all the other things which matters in ones life. To give ourselves an identity in which we exist in this world and to leave behind a trace of our existence. Although it is truly evident that meaning comes from within the individual, others might think differently. One of the main arguments against meaning coming from the individual is that we were already given meaning since birth, given a set of beliefs and morals to follow, so how does one create meaning if it was already given to us from generation through generation? What they do not know is that meaning is something we gain through experience, and experience is not something we have from birth. Another valid argument would be that this universe does not need meaning and therefore it is not important to have meaning or create meaning. However, meaning is all around us and whether one likes it or not, we were built to reate meaning in order for us to exist, and for us to be able to create an identity. Before we dive deeper into the topic of how we gain meaning, we first have to question what is meaning? Clare Carlisle quotes Kierkegaard and explains, â€Å"Even though all sorts of things exist, for Kierkegaard the word â€Å"existence† has a special meaning when applied to human life. This meaning arises from the fact that we always have a relationship to ourselves. † (Carlisle, What does it mean to exist? ) To go into more thorough detail, meaning is the stem of everything human. Meaning come rom us because like stated above in the quote by Kierkegaard, we are the only ones can have a relationship to ourselves. Humans only truly exist through identity, identity is gained through experience, and experience is what use to create meaning. Many other individuals would like to believe that meaning does not come within us, but rather given to us, passed down to us from our past generations. For an example, Annie Druyan, wife of astronomer/philosopher Carl Sagan (1934 – 1996) remembered a conversation her husband had with a young man and it goes, â€Å"At the end of it, a young man came up to him and he said: What do you give us in return? Now that you’ve taken everything from us? What meaning is left, if everything that I’ve been taught since I was a child turns out to be untrue? Carl looked at him and said, ‘Do something meaningtul. ‘ † (Sagan. ) Without meaning this world would b complete chaos. A person needs to grow up with meaning as a supporting factor, or else their world would become chaotic and by definition, meaningless. The young man in the flashback is a person who struggles with the belief that he grew up with meaning given to him and therefore once he comprehend the truth and reality of it all, there would be no significance left. Carl Sagan tries to make this young man understand that in truth, meaning is something we can create anytime, anywhere, and anyplace. Sagan’s simple and brief quote ‘Do something meaningful’ gives us hope because it illustrates that meaning does not stem from the beginning of our lives, but something we have to experience and something we have to do in order to gain meaning. Although there are many others out there like the young man depicted in Annie Druyan’s flashback, they would have to know that meaning is not something in which they are given, but is gained through their Journey and understanding of life. This is significant because it is imperative for ones knowledge to understand that no matter how lost or confused one might be, they could always create their own meaning instead of relying or is biased on the thought that meaning was created for us. If one was to be biased on that thought, their total reliance on the meaning at which was given to them would collapse when they learn the undeniable truth that meaning has always been within their reach. Although meaning is a controversial and conflicting topic to discuss, some might argue that meaning is something we shouldn’t try to understand at all. Alex Percival as a strong opinion towards meaning and how he believes the universe does not need meaning at all. He states in his own words, â€Å"With modern discoveries, we have found that the meaning of life itself is pointless, but we are extremely lucky to be here because the probability that any one of us being in existence is next to 0%. † (Percival. ) In truth, meaning does matter in this world that we live in. Without meaning we would be lost with no identity, and would have no proof of our own existence. It is important for humans to make meaning for themselves because we want to exist and therefore we should exist. Meaning is not pointless at all, in fact meaning is apart of ones soul, apart of us. Meaning is a tool we strive and depend on to survive, because without it we would feel worthless and needless to say, useless. You read "Kafka" in category "Papers" Despite the many oppositions against the interpretation of meaning, language is one of the many factors in which humans attach meaning to. One blogger give their thoughts on how meaning relates to language and states, â€Å"Language communicates meaning, and the origin of meaning is relationship. In fact; if we use the idea that â€Å"relationship is the origin of meaning† as our lens, it opens up a whole new world eyond the narrow definitions that confine meaning to traditional ideas of language. † (The Wisdom of Life. ) Language in fact does relate to human relationships. To be able to communicate and articulate our thoughts gives us meaning. Without language, humans would not be able to express their thoughts and empty their minds and this is an important process to meaning because how can one attach or create meaning if they cannot express themselves. It is crucial to understand that language does not get it’s meaning from others but it is something we attach to it. For n example, as Professor Jacoby has mentioned in class, â€Å"A chair does not have meaning unless we give it meaning. The word chair to another person could mean something much more significant or it could mean nothing depending who this person is and what significant attachment they have given to the chair. † (English 205 Lecture. ) Anyone can give meaning to anything as long as there is a special significance to it. This is how we gain existence and gain identity. It comes through our experience and how we see things in our own eyes and not through what has already been defined for us. When one speaks about language, often we question what is the significance of many languages in this world. As Noam Chomsky says in We Still Live Here, â€Å"A language is not Just words. It’s a culture, a tradition, a unification of a community, a whole history that creates what a community is. It’s all embodied in a language. † (Chomsky. Language is no longer Just words or different types of languages that people speak around the world, it is what set us apart from others. It is what defines us as a people, it gives us meaning. With many languages around the orld, one could feel lost or troubled because they are afraid they could lose their identity. Although that is definitely not the case, language could preserve ones true identity because with language comes a culture, a tradition, a comm unity, and a whole history. With all these factors combined, one can find their identity and create meaning to their lives in their own ways and form. To find ones own identity is truly important in terms of existence, and the only way to find ones identity is through finding meaning within themselves. Meaning also attaches itself to forms of exceptionalism, how we interpret and ruly follow this ideal belief is entirely up to the person. In one article by The Globalist, they proclaim, â€Å"And Americans can only be exceptional if we are well informed and willing to make hard choices and take risks. Apathy, ignorance and risk aversion are the death sentence of the American experiment. (The Globalist, The Idea of American Exceptionalism. ) This is not only true to Americans, but also other cultures around the world as well. To make one self â€Å"exceptional† the person needs to be able to make well informed decisions on their own accord and take risks by the ips of the their own fingers. This connects to meaning because the only way we can make our own decisions and take our own risks is by attaching our own meaning to what all of these things mean. To be exceptional does not necessarily translate to ignorance, it could also mean it is their only form of survival. To any culture around the world, their identity is found through their culture, history, tradition. They rely on these factors because it is what makes them special, unique, and superior from others. Just like how each of them have their own language, tradition, and beliefs, hey want to preserve this by giving it a name, American Exceptionalism, British Exceptionalism, and Greek Exceptionalism. This way, they have given meaning to these terms which in return protect their identities. As individuals we all have a specific responsibility to be fulfilled once we take our first breaths in this world. One specific sentence which caught my attention in the article by The Globalist was, â€Å"As citizens, we have a sacred duty to conserve government by the active † not passive † consent of the governed. † (The Globalist, The Idea of American Exceptionalism. Even if we are a citizen of American or not, it does not matter, because every human in this Earth has a specific duty, which is to do something meaningful so that can be remembered for what theyVe done. The government is depicted as powertul, and because we see them as powertul, we believe that meaning comes from the government. The governments rules and laws seem to constrain us, but in reality it’s constrictions is what tests our understanding of what meaning is. For an example, in The Trial, a relatable quote from the conversation between K. and the doorkeeper goes as this, â€Å"Everyone strives to reach he Law,† says the man, â€Å"so how does it happen that for all these many years no one but myself has ever begged for admit-tance? † The doorkeeper recognizes that the man has reached his end, and to let his failing senses catch the words roars in his ear: â€Å"No one else could ever be admitted here, since this gate was made only for you. I am now going to shut it. † (Kafka 256. ) In The Trial, it is Kafka’s intentions to make the court look so powerful, because in this way, K. is forced to look for meaning and search for his own identity instead of trying to search for significant meaning in others. In fact, the court is so powerful that they have already planned everything out for K. K. ‘s future was in their hands and yet he barely even realized this because he was transfixed on trying to get everyone else to help him when the answers was within him. This message is of vital importance to comprehend, because one must know that no matter how powerful the barrier maybe between the person and their journey to gain meaning is, their duty as a human allows them to conquer those obstacles and face their own challenges. In The Trial it is evident from the very beginning K. ‘s thoughts were always ethered to what others thought about him and his need to find meaning through them instead of himself. Whenever K. spoke, he would always pay close attention to others, as though their opinions and thoughts were crucial to him, † ‘Intrusive, thoughtless people! ‘ said K. s he turned back into the room. The supervisor may have agreed with him, at least K. thought that was what he saw from the corner of his eye. But it was Just as possible that he had not even been listening as he had his hand pressed firmly down on the table and seemed to be comparing the length of his fingers. † (Kafka 17. Throughout the Trial, K. is repeatedly focusing on what others think of him, how others does not give him attention, and how others gave him meaning. His mind was constantly affected by the whispers around him and it affected him to the point whereby he was utterly dependent on other people. Kafka’s mission was to make us understand that K. was trapped in the wrong place the whole time, in someone else’s mind. When a person is trapped in someone else’s thoughts, it would be hard for them to understand how important meaning is if they are constantly looking for meaning in the wrong place. One of the great meanings behind Kafka’s works was to question one specific word, â€Å"Meaning. † In the text, K. ‘s conversation with the Priest demonstrates how Kafka views the word meaning, miou look for too much help from people you don’t know,† said the priest disapprovingly, â€Å"and especially from women. Can you really not see that’s not the help you need? † (Kafka 252. ) Kafka used K. as a guide to help him search for or make meaning. K. is constantly seeking and depending on others to be able to survive and to exist in this world that the meaning to his life soon became xactly that; his reliance on others became his meaning of survival, to exist. Kafka wants us to know that meaning was not already given to us, but we make meaning. We give meaning to people, things, and everything around us so we can feel special, unique, and most importantly to teel I ike we exist. Katka also wants us to know that K was looking for meaning in all the wrong places and to learn from K. ‘s mistakes. K. looked for meaning through his reliance on others, when he was supposed to create meaning within himself. To exist, we first have to rely on our own thoughts and our own ideas. This significant because our thoughts and our own ideas is how meaning is created. If we do not create meaning through our own minds, we do not exist according to Kafka, and that is why K. ies (Kafka 271) at the end because he was not able to realize his whole life depended on someone else, and his sense of meaning came from the people around him as well which is what makes one exist. Although, this leads to the quote which was stated in the beginning of the essay, â€Å"The meaning of life is that it ends. â€Å"-Franz Kafka. No matter how a person tries define meaning or try to apprehend it, life does end. So why is meaning so important? Meaning not only gives us a sense of security and comfort from the chaotic world we live in, but it also serves as a backbone to our identity and our existence. By us giving meaning to anything and everything, it gives us a sense of comfort knowing that it is significant or in some ways meaningful to us therefore making us feel as though we exist because we gave meaning to something which never had meaning before it came into our lives. To exist, to give meaning, and to gain an identity is all part of what it means to be human. Meaning nowadays is interpreted in many different ways, but one theory seems to tand out more than the rest, and it’s that meaning comes from within each individual and not from an external source. We use meaning to create ourselves, find our identities, and sustain our existence through our lifetime. In these modern times, the word meaning has been modified to each persons own interpretations of what meaning is. The problem is, would meaning ever be completely defined? Or is it a word that us humans can attach our own meaning to? It is definitely something to think about as we progress further into the world of constant change and start to lose the roots of our identity and even our existence. How to cite Kafka, Papers

Michael Manley Bibliography free essay sample

Autobiography Michael Manley was born on the 10th of December, 1924 in the parish St. Andrew, Jamaica and died on the 6th of March, 1997 in the capital of Jamaica, Kingston. He was a politician who served three terms as prime minister of Jamaica (1972-80 and 1989-92) and was a powerful champion of Third World issues (Manley: A Legend in His Time). He was the son of noted sculptor Edna Swithenbank Manley and national hero Norman Manley, the founder of the Peoples National Party (PNP) and Jamaicas prime minister from 1959 to 1962 (Michael Manley Biography). While attending Jamaica College, the colonys exclusive secondary school. Manley excelled mostly in athletics, but showed early signs of his rebellious nature by publicly challenging the authoritarian approach of his headmaster and ultimately he resigned from the college (Manley: A Legend in His Time). Following service in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II, he attended the London School of Economics, where he studied with socialist Harold Laski (Jamaica Calling). We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Manley Bibliography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to biography. om he worked as a freelance journalist in London, Manley returned to Jamaica in 1951 and went to work for Public Opinion, a leftist weekly newspaper. He soon became active in the trade-union movement, attaining positions of union leadership and gaining recognition as a skilled negotiator. In 1962 he was appointed to Jamaicas Senate, and in 1967 he was elected to the House of Representatives. Two years later Manley succeeded his father as president of the PNP, and when the party won the election in 1972, he became prime minister. In 1973 he was one of the founders of the Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom), and he cultivated close relationships with Cuba and the socialist countries of eastern Europe and the Far East, a move that did not sit well with the United States and led to a loss in international foreign aid. Manley proved popular with Jamaicans, who nicknamed him Joshua after the biblical prophet, and in 1976 he was reelected (Michael Manley). His policies, however, eventually proved to be financially disastrous. Violence between the left and the right escalated, and he lost the 1980 election to the conservative Edward Seaga of the Jamaica Labour Party. By the late 1980s, however, Manley had adopted a more moderate outlook and favoured closer relations with the United States. In 1989 he was again elected prime minister. Still claiming to be a socialist, he nonetheless pursued free-market policies and privatized many state-owned enterprises. In 1992 Manley was forced to resign because of poor health. He later died in 1997 (Michael Manley). National Contribution and Impact Being influenced by Harold Laski, he gravitated towards the democratic social ideas that were prevalent in England at the time. Manley came to be dubbed by the sugar workers. Initially a highly nervous public speaker, he grew over the next 20 years of active and successful trade unionism into an impassioned speaker. He also came to acquire a deep awareness of the many social and economic ills, above all the deep-rooted inequality, at the heart of Jamaican society. When Michael Manley came back to Jamaica, he was union organizer and negotiator in the National Workers Union (NWU), which was affiliated to the Peoples National Party (Michael Manley Biography). Being a negotiator for the National Workers Union (NWU) earned him respect from prominent figures in society. The NWU represented a worker at Radio Jamaica, Graham Binns, The Manager at the time, disciplined an announcer, Michael Manley confronted him about it. His exuberant personality had Binns succumbed to his arguments. Binns described him as a charismatic political leader (Payne n. d. ). He was elected as Prime Minister in 1972, at this time; seventy percent of the Jamaican economy was already foreign dominated. The mineral industry was completely controlled by multinational corporations. The unemployment rate was 24 percent (doubled since independence) and illiteracy was between 30 and 50 percent. Forty- five percent of arable land was owned by 0. 2 percent of the farmers, with the remaining 55 percent of the land shared by 99. 8 percent of farmers. Michael Manley set about instituting policies for redistributing wealth, and he became a champion of the less-developed nations nonaligned movement. He implemented plans to improve the wellbeing of the country, by improving the literacy rate and reduce the unemployment rate. Manley made a number of changes before during and after he came into power. Some of these changes were: minimum wage for all workers, free education at secondary and university level, to the extent of spaces available, institution of literacy campaign, subdivision of idle lands to poor blacks, formation of agrarian cooperatives, price controls on numerous staples to benefit the oor, reduction of voting age to 18 years, thus increasing the black vote, institutionalizing paid maternity leave free milk to mothers, public utilities, a large bank and part of the tourism business were rationalized, the repeal of the Masters and Servants Act, the establishment of a National Housing Trust and the introduction of a bauxite levy, and a Status of Children Act which ended discrimination against children born out of wedlock (Michael Manley Foundation, n. d. ). As part of the solution Michael Manley experimented with Karl Marxs ideas of socialism. The aim of socialism was to state-own the countrys resources and central planning relating to the production. Manley succeeded in owning some of these companies, and those which he could not control he lifted the industrialization by invitation policy which was introduced by the previous Government. Because of the economic condition that the country was faced with, Manley proposed a eat what you grow mentally, this idea did not went well with the populace; hence, he lost the next General Election. Before Manley came to power there was job discrimination directed towards Rastafarians. Most Jamaican employers and even black employers would not hire Rastafarians. Michael Manley encouraged employers to employ (hire) Rastafarians in the work place and many did. Manley helped increase social economic mobility for the poor. Foreign investors dominated Jamaicas economy for a long time but Manley cut foreign domination by 50%, putting Jamaicas economy in the hands of the Jamaican people by using businessmen, companies, and Jamaican financial investors. ? He encouraged Jamaican people to be united as one people regardless of race and social class. He used the slogan better must come to encourage the people, He instilled a sense of pride and hope that economic development is possible for Jamaica. Under the Michael Manleys mulatto leadership from the 1970s and 1980s the quality of life improved for all Jamaicans, Rastafarians, and including the majority black population. Self-reliance is a fundamental aspect of Manleys political philosophy. In his first book, The Politics of Change, he wrote: Self-reliance implies the ability on the part of the people of a country to make common efforts towards the general development and welfare of the group. The Michael Manley Award for Community Self-Reliance, presented annually to a community group that has demonstrated exemplary achievement in improving the wellbeing of its members and the wider community, is the flagship project of the Michael Manley Foundation and a reflection of one of the more abiding retentions from the Michael Manley years (Michael Manley Foundation, n. d. ). This awa rd encourages community members to participate in community development, as part of our cultural retention. The winner is then rewarded in cash and prizes. Regional, International Contribution and Impact Michael Manley was one of the great figures of modern Third World politics. His standing as an inspirational leader spread beyond his native Jamaica to all parts of the Caribbean and to many other Third World societies as well. Manley always saw clearly that the politics of reform which he advocated in Jamaica depended upon associated changes in the wider international economy (Michael Manley Biography, n. d. ). This led him to take up articulate and brave, if sometimes foolhardy, positions in the debate about the shaping of a new international economic order which brought the plight of the developing world to the centre of the international stage during the course of the 1970s. Less changed than he imagined or hoped, but Manley succeeded nevertheless in stamping something of his huge and vibrant personality on that phase of world history. Michael Manley was one of the most outstanding political figures in the post-colonial history of the Caribbean. He made an influential contribution to Jamaican, Caribbean and international politics. His pioneering legislative programme of social reforms in the 1970s, his role in the formation of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and later the Association of Caribbean States (ACS). The formation of ACS widened regional representation. His advocacy of a New International Economic Order (NIEO), his defense of sovereignty for countries that were colonized, and his leading role among world statesmen in confronting racial oppression, especially in southern Africa, make him an international figure of enormous consequence for world politics during the decade of the 1970s. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which was formed with the assistance of Michael Manley. Made it easy for the Caribbean countries to trade with each other, hence, placing the entire region in a better economic position. All members of CARICOM had strong trading powers with extra regional countries. At the international level, his was a highly respected voice, especially in such bodies as the Commonwealth of Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Countries, the Group of 77, and the Socialist International. He was a leading advocate of South-South cooperation and was in the vanguard of world statesmen who applied international pressure to assist in the dismantling of apartheid and of minority rule in southern Africa (Michael Manley Biography, n. d. ). In 1977, because of his consistent advocacy of a New International Economic Order with a more equitable deal for developing countries, Manley was elected Vice President of Socialist International. As a distinguished leader of the organisation, he chaired the Socialist International Economic Committee. The findings of that committee were later published in 1985 as Manleys fifth book, Global Challenge: From Crisis to Cooperation: Breaking the North-South Stalemate. The Socialist International made him its honorary President in 1992, a position he held until his death on March 6, 1997. His politics were those of a radical social democrat, but wisely or unwisely he worked with Marxist elements in Jamaican society and quickly came to be seen from the outside, especially in the United States, as a dangerous anti- imperialist. At home, his policies were characterised by nationalisation, higher taxation and a commitment to extending literacy; abroad, he befriended Castro, took a leading role in the non-aligned movement and deeply alarmed the Americans. Manley benefitted from the services of Cuban doctors and Cuban builders who provided the country with the Jose Marti School in St. Catherine and with a number of small wells designed to boost the islands water supply. Manley was also a critique of the World Bank. In an attempt to put Jamaica in a better financial position, Manley borrowed from the IMF. This impacted positively in the short-run, in that the country could afford its oil bill among others things, however, in present day the country is still in debt than ever before, and this indebtedness is allegedly stemming from the contract with the IMF made by Michael Manley. The economy has broken on the back of disinvestment and IMF imposed strictness. This caused conflicts within the party. The 1980 election, which saw the PNP severely defeated, was marked by great violence (Haynes, n. d. ).

Power, Propoganda In Communist China Essays - Chinese Communists

Power, Propoganda In Communist China Essays - Chinese Communists Power, Propoganda in Communist China Propaganda in China during the Cultural Revolution took on many forms; there were mass Red Guard demonstrations in Tianamen Square in support of Mao Zedong, pictures of Mao were put up in every conceivable location from restaurants to the wallpaper in nurseries, and pamphlets and books of Mao's teachings were distributed to every Chinese citizen. One of these propaganda publications Quotations from Chairman Mao which later became known as the Little Red Book contained quotes from Mao Zedong and was distributed to every Chinese citizen. The history of the Red Book provides one of the best ways in which to analyze Chinese propaganda during the Cultural Revolution and see the ways in which the Chinese government was able to produce and effectively indoctrinate the Chinese people with Mao Zedong Thought. Official Chinese magazines from the period of 1967 to 1970 are filled with many pictures of citizens holding, reading, and memorizing the Red Book. This proposal will trace the rise and fall of images of the Red Book in the official Chinese publication China Reconstructs. This proposal will use a graphical analysis of pictures in this publication from 1966 to 1973 to show that propaganda was not just a tool of the Communist party but also a reflection of internal power struggles within the party during the Cultural Revolution. The Red Book was written several years before it became the object of national adoration and a tool for the Cultivation of Mao's personality Cult. The history of the Red Book and its meteoric rise from a hand book for military recruits to compulsory reading for all Chinese citizens, is closely tied to its developer Lin Biao's rise to power. Lin Biao was born in 1907 and was fourteen years younger then Mao; he joined the communist party in 1925 and until the communists captured control of China was at various times in charge of resiezce forces, and armies of communist soldiers. When the communists took control in 1949 Lin Biao was behind Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun, and Deng Xiaoping in rank (Yan and Gao, 1996: 179). But eighteen years later during the height of the Cultural Revolution Lin Biao by winning favor with Mao by publishing and championing the Red Book and the Cult of Mao became second only to the Chairman in power and position (Ming-Le, 1983: 80). In 1959 Peng Dehua was dismissed as minister of defense and Lin Biao was appointed in his place. At an armed forces meeting for high cadres during September of that year Lin Biao, energetically started promoting the Cult of Mao saying, "Learning the writings of comrade Mao Zedong is the shortcut to learning Marxism-Leninism. Chairman Mao's writings are easy to learn and can be put to use immediately. Diligent work will pay dividends many fold." (Yan and Gao, 1996: 182) His references to "shortcut" and "quick dividends" in his speech went unnoticed at the time as few foresaw the effects of creating a Cult around Mao. But looking back on the Cultural Revolution and Lin Biao, we can see his using the Cult of Mao was indeed a shortcut that produced huge dividends both for himself and for Mao. Mao to the Chinese people was a symbol sovereignty and the construction of socialism; to them praise for Mao was fitting with his symbolic role in society. Starting in 1959 Lin Biao in front of military audiences in order to help buildup support for the Cult of Mao used such phrases as, "the dire necessity of acquiring Mao Zedong's thought," "to study the writings of Mao Zedong with questions in mind is to shoot arrows with target in sight," "we must arm our minds with Mao Zedong's thought" (Yan an Gao, 1996: 181). Lin Biao's goal of building up both himself and the Cult of Mao lead him in September of 1960 to pass a resolution at the meeting of the Military Commission, which called for more political education among the armed forces (Yan and Gao, 1996: 181) "Mao Zedong Thought is the compass for the Chinese people's revolution and socialist construction, the powerful ideological weapon against imperialism, and the powerful ideological weapon against revisionism

Teaching in Public Schools Differs from Private Schools

Teaching in Public Schools Differs from Private Schools School choice is a hot topic concerning education especially when it comes to public vs. private schools. How parents choose to educate their children is highly debated, but teachers have options when it comes to choosing a job? As a teacher, landing your first job is not always easy. However, you must ensure that the schools mission and vision align with your personal philosophy. It is important to understand that teaching in public schools does differ from teaching in private schools. Both offer the opportunity to work with young people on a daily basis, but each has their advantages and disadvantages. Teaching is a very competitive field, and at times it seems like there are more teachers than there are jobs available. Prospective teachers applying for a position in a private school should know the differences between public and private schools that will impact how they do their job. Understanding those differences is important if you have an either/or opportunity. Ultimately, you want to teach at a place where you are comfortable, that will support you as both a teacher and a person, and that will give you the best opportunity to make a difference in the lives of your students. Here we examine some major differences between public and private schools when it comes to teaching. Budget The budget of a private school typically comes from a combination of tuition and fundraising. This means that the overall budget of a school is dependent on how many students are enrolled and the overall wealth of the donors who support it. This can be challenging for newer private schools and an overall advantage for an established private school that have successful alumni willing to support the school. The bulk of the budget of a public school is driven by local property taxes and state education aid. Schools also get some federal money to support federal programs. Some public schools are also fortunate to have local businesses or individuals who support them through donations, but this is not the norm. The budget for public schools is typically tied to their state’s economic status. When a state goes through an economic hardship schools, receive less money than they typically would. This often forces school administrators to make difficult cuts. Certification Public schools require a minimum of a bachelor’s degree and a teaching certificate to be a certified teacher. These requirements are set by the state; whereas requirements for private schools are set by their individual governing boards. Most private schools typically follow the same requirements as public schools. However, there are a few private schools that do not require a teaching certificate and in some cases may hire teachers without a specific degree. There are also private schools that only look to hire teachers who hold an advanced degree. Curriculum and Assessment For public schools, the curriculum is mostly driven by state-mandated objectives and for most states will soon be driven by the Common Core State Standards. Individual districts may also have additional objectives based on their individual community needs. These state mandated objectives also drive the state standardized testing that all public schools are required to give. State and federal governments have a much smaller influence on the private school curriculum. Private schools can essentially develop and implement their own curriculum and assessments. One of the major differences is that private schools may incorporate religious curriculum into their schools whereas public schools cannot. Most private schools are founded based on religious principles, so this allows them to indoctrinate their students with their beliefs. Other private schools may choose to focus more on a specific area such as math or science. In this case, their curriculum will focus more on those specific areas, whereas a public school is more balanced in their approach. Discipline The old saying goes that kids will be kids. This is true for both public and private schools. There are going to be discipline issues in either case. Public schools typically have more major discipline issues such as violence and drugs than private schools do. Public school administrators spend the majority of their time handling student discipline issues. Private schools tend to have more parental support which often leads to fewer discipline issues. They also have more flexibility than public schools when it comes to removing a student from a classroom or removing them from school altogether. Public schools are required to take every student who lives in their district. A private school can simply end their relationship with a student who continuously refuses to follow their expected policies and procedures. Diversity A limiting factor for private schools is their lack of diversity. Public schools are much more diverse than private schools in many areas including ethnicity, socioeconomic status, student needs, and academic ranges. The truth is that attending a private school cost too much money for most Americans to send their children too. This factor alone tends to limit diversity within a private school. The reality is that the majority of the population in private schools is made up of students who are from upper-middle-class Caucasian families. Enrollment Public schools are required to take every student no matter their disability, academic level, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, etc. This can also have an adverse effect on class size especially in years where budgets are thin. It is not uncommon for there to be 30-40 students in a single classroom in a public school. Private schools control their enrollment. This allows them to keep class sizes in an ideal 15-18 student range. Controlling enrollment also is beneficial for teachers in that the overall range of where students are academically are much closer than a typical public school classroom. This is a very important benefit for both students and teachers in private schools. Parental Support In public schools, the amount of parental support for the school varies. It is typically dependent upon the community where the school is located. Unfortunately, there are communities that do not value education and only send their kids to school because it is a requirement or because they think of it as free babysitting. There are also many public school communities who value education and provide tremendous support. Those public schools with low support provide a different set of challenges than those with high parental support. Private schools almost always have tremendous parental support. After all, they are paying for their child’s education, and when money is exchanged, there is an unspoken guarantee that they intend to be involved in their child’s education. Parental involvement is very important in the overall academic growth and development of a child. It also makes a teacher’s job easier in the long run. Pay A surprising fact is that public school teachers are typically paid more than private school teachers. However this does depend on the individual school itself, so it may not necessarily be the case. Some private schools may also offer benefits that public schools do not including tuition for higher education, housing, or meals. One reason that public school teachers are typically paid more is because most private schools do not have a teacher’s union. Teaching unions fight hard for their members to be fairly compensated. Without these strong union ties, it is difficult for private school teachers to negotiate for better pay. Conclusion There are many pros and cons a teacher must weigh when it comes to choosing to teach in public vs. private school. It ultimately comes down to individual preference and comfort level. Some teachers would prefer the challenge of being a teacher in a struggling inner city school and others would prefer to teach in an affluent suburban school. The reality is that you can make an impact no matter where you teach.

Commercial Lease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commercial Lease - Essay Example There are two important aspects of a commercial lease agreement, the standard lease provisions and the business points. The former consists of insurance, condemnation, and events of default while the latter consists of the specified rent and term. The 'Business Points' identifies the various aspects such as the parties of the owner and the tenant, the said building or the said property which is to be leased. Exact details of the property needs to be provided and the building should be exactly identified in which the tenant will rent the space. It is also imperative to accurately describe the floor, location and the square footage of the property. The provisions further mentions the dates of the date of effect and the expiration (term) of the lease and in accordance to this term, the rents can be specified with the optional mention of renewal terms. Additional expenditures which can include operating expenditures and other real estate taxes exercised by different authorities need to be discussed and it needs to be clarified if the total rent includes all such expenditures. Another important service issue is parking. It is normally expected to accompany the specified rented place but might not be the same in every case. Therefore it becomes an important clause in the contract for commercial lease.

John dillinger Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

John dillinger - Research Paper Example His mother died when he was barely three and his father, an industrious grocer, brought him up in an environment of disciplinary extremes, at times harsh and repressive, but permissive and generous at other times. When Dillinger‘s father married another wife six years later, he became devoted to his step-mother who took care of him as if he were her own son. He went to Public school No. 38 but he became tired of school and quit before finishing grade eight and got a job in a veener mill (Kekionga Press, 6). Dillinger quickly lost interest with the job and he stayed out all night most of the times. Bothered that city temptations would corrupt his son, Dillinger‘s father, moved his family to a farm near Mooresville, Indiana, but this did not change him – he started running wild within no time. He later joined the navy, following trouble with the law (theft) and a break with his father. However, he soon got himself into problems and left his ship after docking in Bost on.

Wuthering Heights A Thematic Analysis

Wuthering Heights A Thematic Analysis Revenge is one of the prominent and stronger issues in the novel Wuthering Heights. Emily Bronte has discussed the cruel and wicked nature of human beings. Novel was set in the harsh, rough and isolated atmosphere of Yorkshire moors in northern England. There are many reasons of emergent revenge amid the characters. People were bounded and restricted due to their class systems. One of the causes of Heathcliffs vindictive nature is his belonging of lower class. Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw was failed to maintain equality between Hindley and Heathcliff. Throughout their lifes, both suffered and thus became as a victim of injustice. Character of Catherine is the true representation of Victorian women. One way Catherine pretends that she loves Heathcliff but on the same way she cheats him. If she chose Heathcliff for marriage, revenge would not have raised and automatically lives of many people would have saved. Edgar, Hindley and Catherines behaviour towards Heathcliff seems inhumane and disre spectful, therefore their brutal behaviour becomes the reason of Heathcliffs hurtful nature. Heathcliff proves himself that extreme of love is equally dangerous than as extreme of hate. His desire of taking revenge is superior to his love for Catherine. Edgar, Hindley, Catherine and Heathcliff have evenly participated in destroying lives of many people. By showing Heathcliffs devil style look, description of Wuthering Heights as haunted place, lack of religion, elements of ghost, Catherins and Heathcliff madness in love makes the story affected by supernatural elements and it also gives us contemplation that there is a super power around them who does not like peace and instructs them to take revenge from others. Showing the characters of Isabella and young Cathy, Emily has given us the lesson of morality as well. If both ladies obeyed Edgars suggestion, they would not become fools. Despite the fact that the revenge moves from one generation to another but in my perception character s like young Cathy and Hareton presents as the hope of peaceful future. Their sincere bonding abolishes the revenge completely at the end. Though my research topic seems pessimistic but I have ended up it an optimistic note. God does not take revenge from us. We all have to go to God with empty hands, only our deeds will go with us. Now it depends on us, either we want to die peacefully or not. Introduction Emily Bronte belongs to the Victorian age. Her novel Wuthering Heights is one of the classical novels of this age, although she died very young but Emilys work still have its uniqueness. The novel basically set in the harsh and isolated Yorkshire moors in northern England. Emily discussed very mature and bold issues. For example she wrote on escapism from religion which was totally against the customs of Victorian age. The people of this age were very strict and conservative about their religion. Women were also confined to their houses even they did not have the rights to choose their partner for marriage. We see Emilys own perception and imagination in this novel. According to the novel Wuthering Heights it depicts, that she was against the norms of Victorian age. The love triangle between Heathcliff, Catherine and Edgar seems very complex and complicated. Writer has revealed to the readers in earlier chapters that Catherine and Heathcliff both fall in love but Catherine chooses Edgar for marriage just for the sake of money and temporary physical attraction. After some time when Heathcliff gets wealth Catherine again gets closer to Heathcliff that is quite ironical. The character of Hindley represents as a jealous and a wicked person. He was the first person who started the vengeance. Revenge travels one generation to next generation. Characters like Hareton, Cathy and Linton are shown as the symbols of Victim. They suffered because of their parents. On the other hand Nelly Dean and Lockwood are shown as the narrators of the story. Since my research is qualitative so the only source of my research is reading. My research thesis has consisted on four chapters. First chapter is about The Issue of Class System. Difference between the classes of the characters is one of the main issues of the novel. The novel was written at a time when the people of England were affected not only with the economy and Industrial revolution but also with the traditional class structure of this age. The orphan Heathcliff suffered due to his lower class. Second chapter has covered The Role of Revenge and Vengeance in the novel. Because of the revenge, Hindley used to torture Heathcliff. Heathcliffs education was stopped by Hindley, he did not get a chance to raise his social class. Although Catherine loved Heathcliff but she got fascinated by the wealth and life style of Edgar and decided to marry with him. Catherines rejection made him cruel, selfish and arrogant. Third chapter is about the Impacts of Violence and Obsession that rotate around the characters of the novel. Hindleys jealousy and the ill- treatment with orphan Heathcliff raised aggression in him. As a result Heathcliff did not spare anyone. The violent and jealous behavior of Hindley destroys his sisters life too. Wuthering Heights is a strong but morbid novel of love and suffering. Through this novel Emily has tried to convey the lesson that why it is important to keep the balance between relationships? We can conclude it at the end of the story in the following way, doing anything in an excess level is not supposed to be a good thing. The obsession of love and revenge both have crossed the limits in the novel. Victim of the destructive influences of the obsession are Isabella, Cathy and Linton. The extremist love of Heathcliff destroyed his own life too. Fourth chapter has included The Supernatural Effects of the story. Wuthering Heights is famous for its gothic elements. The house (Wuthering Heights) itself gives the mysterious, unwelcoming, haunted and old looks. The eighteen century was dominated by supernatural novels. That is why Emily wrote a romantic story along with the gothic effects. Heathcliff has shown as a hero with horror looks. LITERATURE REVIEW Keyword: Revenge The act of harming somebody in return for harm they have done (Oxford Popular School Dictionary. 2008) Charles Percy Sanger wrote an essay in (1926). He is the first person, who did detailed examination of the novel Wuthering Heights. Throughout his essay, he was finding an answer of question which had in his mind. Sanger starts an essay with the pedigree of the two families. Sanger notices all the dates. Novel starts with the date 1801. June 1778 was the year of Haretons birth, 20th March was the date of birth of Catherine. The marriage date of Catherine Earnshaw and Edgar Linton was June 1783. Catherine died at 2 a.m. on Monday 20th March 1784. According to Charles, Emily Bronte did not use a calendar. For him this mistake seems unusual characteristic of novel. I found his research very unique and different but on the same time, he has neglected some major issues of the novel. Revenge is one of the main issues, he has not written a single sentence on it. This seems strange because this was one of the detailed works on Wuthering Heights. At the end of his essay he has accepted that h is research is technically dull. Linda Golds examined the Wuthering Heights on the basis of Freudin interpretations in (2011). She analysed in depth, the symbiosis of Catherine, Heathcliff and Edgar. In the same way she has made readers mind that how did revenge grown up between them? She has written her research on the interpretations of Freuds id, ego and superego. Heathcliffs id is suspicious. No one knows where he spent three years before coming into Wuthering Heights. Then she comes on Catherine, she had a very social personality. Her id was energetic and sharp minded. Her ego restricted and controlled her life to take changes. Then she discussed Edgar the super egoist. He is a true representative of Victorian era. He uses his wit power to select him rather than to Heathcliff. According to Freuds analysis a male ego person would have the courage to deal successfully with the world, a female egoist person would have to live through males. Gold moves her Freudin Scrutiny to the second generation at the end. She s aid the whole structure of Wuthering Heights would be read as the development of one personality. If we see Wuthering Heights in the light of Golds research we will definitely agree with her. Id, ego and superego belong to Heathcliff, Catherine and Edgar respectively. An entirely different approach has given by Grame Tytler in (2011). He has applied 19th century psychological theory on Wuthering Heights and further wrote an essay on it. Healthcliff was affected by monomaniac. Monomaniac was a very famous disease in Brontes days. New name of this disease is obsession, specific disorder in someones personality. Healthcliff had clearly symptoms of monomaniac. The whole research of Grame revolves around Heathcliff and the effects of monomaniac on him. The first symptom of this disease is passion. We all agree with the fact that Heathcliff loved Catherine passionately. When Catherine chose Edgar as her life partner, Heathcliff whole life destroyed. We can compare our self with Heathcliff. What will be our reaction if someone rejects us? Naturally we shout, scold and cry. Simultaneously reaction of Healthcliff seems natural at start but after some time his human nature turned into wild animal. He has taken out all his pain as revenge. He used to torture and harassed Isabella, Cathy and Hareton. Isabella says to Nelly Is Mr Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? (Bronte,E.1988,ch:13:135) Tytler described different stages of Heathcliff. He is the true picture of obsession. It could be more beneficial for us if he would emphasis on other characters too. The readers who were read Wuthering Heights were shocked by the violence in the story. It is true because in 1847 people were not habitual for this kind of violence. Violence enhanced the revenge factor in the story. Violence revolves around many characters. For example it starts with Heathcliff and Hindley fight. We see in every violent scene there was a reason behind it. Hindley did not accept Heathcliff in his house. He used to hate his father when he supported Heathcliff. The relationship between Edgar and Heathcliff were full of revenge. Characters like Isabella and Cathy who suffered a lot, changed into wild and violent characters. Knives, blood on tree, taunts, harsh and aloud sound, whip are symbolisms of violence in the story. It is very important to think why Emily has shown this kind of extreme violence? It can be several interpretations. May be she wanted to reveal the reality of Victorian society or maybe she wanted to give a lesson or by showing violence and revenge she wanted to highlight the inner pain of human being. Vengeance is the most imminent topic in Wuthering Heights. Many researches and essays have been written on this issue. In this essay critic added Austin OMalley Statement he said Revenge is often like biting because a dog bit you (123helpme.com):(a) OMalleys quote gives a sense of cruel reality. No one can find peace through revenge. An essay starts with the Heathcliff plan that he wanted to take revenge from Edgar through Isabella. The death of Catherine proves that the plan helps him nothing. Catherine ghost were used to wandering around the earth. For 20 years, visiting Heathcliff and tortured him. Let me alone, let me alone. Sobbed Catherine, if I have done wrong, Im dying for it. It is enough! You left me too: but I wont be upbraid you! I forgive you. Forgive me! (Bronte, E.1988,ch:13:144) .In my opinion the problem maker is Catherine in the story because she does not love Edgar. She chooses social status, fame and popularity instead of Heathcliffs true love. Catherine nature re sembles with the poetry of Oliver Goldsmith When lovely woman stoops to folly and finds too late that men betray, what charm can soothe her melancholy? What art can wash her guilt away? The only art her guilt to cover, to hide her shame from every eye, to give repentance to her lover, and wring his bosom, is to die. (Goldsmith,O, When lovely woman stoops to folly:1-8) Hindleys revenge destroys his own life. He got bankrupt and his beloved wife died and eventuality he died. Emily story compels her readers to think what Heathcliff achieved at the end? Is he got Catherine? Revenge worked nothing for him. Emily did great work by showing revenge as negative stigma. Anton has written a thesis on the characterization of Wuthering Heights in (2011). Emily depicts the social code, conventions and challenges of Victorian society. It can also be taken as a deep criticism on Brontes time. Antons approach is quite new because he has taken out several important points. Thrushcross Grange symbolises as Edgar personality like decent and full of manners. While Wuthering Heights symbolises as Heathcliff personality like wild and unfriendly. Both houses inhabit dogs. The dogs of Wuthering Heights are wild, chaotic and habitual of natural environment. Grange owns pet dogs. Hindleys personality shows a real man of Victorian era. He is charming, sensitive and emotional but when his father did discrimination between him and Heathcliff, his nature becomes alter. Catherine also affected by the situation and lifted closer to Heathcliff. The whole novel is full of paradoxical and ironical situations. For example, Catherine chooses Edgar instead of Heathcliff however she does not love Edgar. Catherine still loves Heathcliff but tries to bring Isabella and Heathcliff nearer. My poor little sister-in-law is breaking her heart by mere contemplation of your physical and moral beauty. It lies in your own power to be Edgars brother! No, no, Isabella, you shant run off, she continued, arresting, with feigned playfulness, the confounded girl, who had risen indignantly. We were quarrelling like cats about you, Heathcliff (Bronte,E.1988,ch:10:108) Isabella, who is educated and mannered girl and lives with Catherine in one house still un aware with the affair of Catherine and Heathcliff how strange? The whole structure of the novel compels readers to think beyond the imaginations. According to Eric Solomon Wuthering Heights has an incest theme. He has written a thesis in (1959) in which, he has raised many issues to justify his opinion. He quoted Richard Chase statement. He considers that Is impossible to imagine such a stormy, undisciplined pair as Cathy and Heathcliff ever setting down to a normal life of domesticity. (Chase,R. quoted in Solomon,E.1959:80) Because of Heathcliffs black skin ton, it is not clear whether he was a gypsy or prince or devil? According to Nelly Deans narration old Earnshaw brought orphan Heathcliff to his own home. Mrs.Earnshaw did not like her husbands step. She was thinking that her husband is mad or he may be having an illegitimate child. Because it was an old tradition in 18th century the provincial slum, the waif must have had some protector then why this child was wandering alone? Erics philosophy seems right because as brother and sister they could not be get married. As a son of Mr.Earnshaw he had rights to own the property . In the middle of the story we see Heathcliff comes as an owner of Wuthering Heights. The characters of Heathcliff and Catherine can be taken as victims of fate and things were beyond with their control. Erics research might be true because he closes his research on the Cathys question. She is Heathcliff, does she mean that they are one flesh as well as one spirit? (Solomon, E. 1959:83) Emily has left many questions on readers. Now it depends on us, from which angle of Wuthering Heights do we see? Arnold Shapiro has compared Wuthering Heights with Great Expectation and Jane Eyre in (1969). His research is based on the ethical and moral traditions of the Victorian period. According to him Dickens, Charlotte and Emily have shown same issues in their writing. Like their characters have to face the problems and at the end they reach into the same conclusion. Heathcliff and Pip both are orphan alone and outcast as much as alien in the novels. Then he compares Mr.Earnshaw with Reeds, they bring stranger to their houses. Characters of Heathcliff and Jane also resembles both are looking different from everyone else therefore seems to bear a threat like Mrs.Earnshaw was ready to fling out Heathcliff and Reeds forced Jane to live with servants. Joe and Mr.Earnshaw both helped Pip and Heathcliff in many ways and it is very interesting to know that both Estella and Catherine betrayed to their lovers. In the Victorian period people were very good christens. In novel Wuthering Heights, Lint ons brought up shows that he is good in religion but when Isabella spoiled by Heathcliff and looking towards his brother, Edgar shows no humanity and ill behavior. I seek no revenge on you, replied Heathcliff, less vehemently. Thats not the plan. The tyrant grinds down his slaves and they dont turn against him; they crush those beneath them. You are welcome to torture me to death for your amusement, only allow me to amuse myself a little in the same style. (Bronte,E.1988,ch:11:114) Both Cathy and Catherine are having different natures. Catherines nature is greedy therefore she made her house on the grave of her lover while on the other hand young Cathys nature is sympathetic. As in the same way, the desires of Heathcliff are endless because he has sadistic nature. According to James Hafley villain and problem maker in Wuthering Heights is Ellen Dean. He has read Wuthering Heights in the light of new experience. Charlotte Bronte said about Nelly For a specimen of true benevolence and homely fidelity, look at the character of Nelly Dean. (Bronte,C. quoted in Hafley,J.1958:199) In my opinion, Nellys role in Wuthering Heights is very prominent. She is a nurse and narrator of the story and to write thesis on Nelly is something exceptional. The critic of this paper adds textual evidence in order to make strong his points. Nelly had an objection that why Mr.Earnshaw brought Heathcliff in home? Throughout her life she never liked Heathcliff. Joseph always notices Nellys facial expression becomes change when she is narrating about Heathcliff. She used to create problems between characters. After Catherines marriage Nelly moved with her to Thrushcross Grange. She became greedy and acted as a queen over there. A person who has not done one half his days work by ten oclock runs a chance of leaving the other half undone. (Bronte, E.1988,ch:7:69)She never tried to solve the problems of Grange house. I rang the bell and committed it to a servant care. (Bronte, E.1988,ch:17:164) She knows Heathcliff came back and now he is trying to meet with Catherine but she remained as silent and sees how Heathcliff compelled Isabella to marry him. She is also responsible when Cathy got hostile by Heathclif. I really appreciate James effort but we should remember the fact that Nelly Dean is just a poor servant of house. She has fulfilled all the duties commendably. Distortion and exaggeration are equally important topic in Wuthering Heights which lifts Heathcliff to take revenge. Heathcliff cries many times for Catherine. I cannot live without my life! I cannot live without my soul! (Bronte,E.1988,ch:17:161) Catherine also feels same for him once she spoke to Nelly that Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same. (Bronte,E.1988,ch:11:86) It shows both of them truly love each other. After Catherines death her she used to haunt Heathcliff as a ghost. Despite of their physical separation, Edgar could not part them spiritually. Heathcliff shows his vindictive nature and becomes evil more than Satan. After Catherine he decides to take revenge from every one. Only Catherine could have saved because of her death. Heathcliff has tried his best to destroy Isabella, Linton, Cathy, Hareton lives. Emily over exaggerated the fear of death. For example in the beginning it was shocking to read Lockwood injured by the wild dogs. At that time peo ple were not habitual for this kind of tension. Because of this Wuthering Heights had faced criticism but ultimately novel has changed peoples mind. Now Wuthering Heights considers as classics of Victorian period. Critics appreciated the frame narration of Wuthering Heights a lot. Many researches and essays have been written on Nelly Dean. In another paper critic has expresses his thoughts. Nelly is having a very strong character in novel. She had philosopher type mind Nelly says: Proud people breed sad sorrows for themselves. (Bronte,E.1988,ch:7:64) She is not only nurse and servant but in addition she is a mother for Catherine and Hindley. She has lived all her life between moors and justified his role whether live in Grange or Wuthering Heights. Whenever Cathy needed help she always did whatever she could. She is a person of wisdom and. dignity. Once she said A good heart will help you to a bonny face, my lad, if you were a regular black; and a bad one will turn the bonniest into something worse than ugly. (Bronte,E.1988,ch:7:65) Witness of almost every incident but never cheated any one. She used to guide everyone. Bitirme Tezis writes thesis in (2009). He emphasizes on the love and isolation of Wuthering Heights. He further elaborates his research and says it can be a cause of destructive relationships in the novel. Our mind starts understanding his point of views when we closely read the novel. Isolation of Wuthering Heights recognises as have the connection of moors and hills and strong natural environment, on the other hand isolation of Thrushcross Grange is connected with the idea of lively atmosphere. Gimmerton society was the high class society in those days. Wuthering Heights had no communication with Gimmerton and they were isolated from society while the Thruchcross Grange had strongly relations with Gimmerton people. That is the reason people of Thrushcross were more educated, mannered and very much affected with the norms of 18th century. Therefore lack of association with high class strongly affected the people of Wuthering Heights. Catherine, who is poor, meets with rich Edgar, sh e impresses by his wealth and finally they get married. It seems very normal but on the wider imagination it has created differences between many people and became a cause of revenge. Wuthering Heights was very famous in Victorian period. Some readers like the novel and some not. Many critics have long list for the reasons of disliking. Infanticide and Sadism is one of the reasons. Wade Thompson has criticised the novel. I respect his views and agree with what he said about infanticide. Catherine Earnshaw is not quite eight when her mother dies; Cathy Lintons birth coincides with her mothers death; Haretons mother dies in the year of his birth; and Heathcliff is an orphan by the time he is seven. Even the children who receive motherly care throughout their childhood do not receive it long after they reach puberty. Linton Heathcliff loses his mother when he is not quite thirteen-Linton, of course, is a child all his life-and Isabella Linton is orphaned when she is fourteen. The only exceptions-and these unimportant-are Hindley Earnshaw and Edgar Linton, who are sixteen and eighteen respectively when their mothers die and even their mothers are apparently not very m otherly.(Thompson,W.1963:69) but I m not agree when he said about sadism, in my opinion Heathcliff never wanted to have an adult relation with Catherine but for his desire of revenge, he forced Linton to have relation with Catherine. Only Heathcliff and Catherine are not responsible for Linton and Catherine, Isabella and Edgar are equally responsible for the destruction. Wuthering Heights shows destructive relationships between the characters. In another essay critic has pointed out the characteristics of destructive relationship. He discusses topics like un-caring parents, jealousy and desire of revenge. His research seems right because Mr.Earnshaw was unsuccessful to maintain a balance between Hindley and Heathcliff. Another example is Hareton and Hindley. Hindley never became a good father, he had spoiled his life in drugs and because of him Hareton departed as uneducated person. The primary example of destructive relationship is Heathcliff and Linton. Once Linton says: himMy father threatened me, and I dread him I dread! (Bronte,E.1988,ch:27:244) Isabella, Heathcliff and Catherine, Edgar both couples are the example of destructive relationship. In my opinion our brought up make our life good or bad, if we have proper family atmosphere we wont be get jealous which creates ultimately a desire of revenge. The influence of childhood pervades throughout the novel. In another essay, critic has compared two generations childhood behaviour. Heathcliff, Catherine and Hindley have shared childhood together. According to Steve Davies The childhood of both protagonists Heathcliff and Catherine, haunts them in their adult lives thus affecting their interactions with and their behavior towards other people in a negative way.(customwritings.com):(b) They used to dinning and sleeping together. But because of many quarrels and jealousy their relation became dejected and vengeful. At one time Heathcliff said Im trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I dont care how long I wait, if I can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do! (Bronte,E.1988,ch:7:69) In my point of view Emily has fully justified with the plot. One way she has shown negative impacts of these people at the end of the story then on the same way, she has opened a door of new life by showing Catherine and Hareton m arriage. They are the hope of new generation. They have overcome their bitter memories. In another essay critic expresses his views and says Wuthering Heights is a silly love story. He has given this title on the basis of two books one is written by Robert McKibben, and second is Control of Sympathy in Wuthering Heights written by John Hagan. I totally agree with his perception that only Catherine and Heathcliff should not be blame for the disasters in the story. They were passionately in love. But we all know in every love story there is always a third person who creates problems between lovers life. Edgar has played third persons role in the story. After the death of Catherine, Heathcliff used to cry and scold most of the time. Come in! come in! he sobbed. Cathy, do come. Oh, do -once more! Oh! My hearts darling, hear me this time Catherine, at last!(Bronte,E.1988,ch:3:41) Wuthering Heights gives us lesson that revenge is dangerous and harmful for our life. To conclusion, Emily Bronte has created a new world in one novel Wuthering Heights. She has shown influence of childhood, social problems, destructive relationships, violence, isolation and many others. The root cause of all these problems is Revenge. My research focuses on finding the reasons behind any act of revenge because I truly believe that God has not created men with the negative nature it is the circumstances that creates human being nature as vindictive. Since those researches which I have discussed in literature review are not adequate, therefore I have done this research. My research is not the last research on this topic I hope it will link towards new beginning. RESEARCH QUESTION: How does revenge rotate around the characters of Wuthering Heights? SIGNIFICANCE Whenever we read word revenge something negative comes in our mind and we usually fixed our mind on it. There is always a reason behind any negative behavior and that is why I have chosen this topic. My target is to find out the reasons that make the human being hard hearted and contemptuous. The Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte is the perfect example of Revenge. We see revenge starts from the beginning of the novel and stays throughout the story. My research will compel people to change their minds and they will get to know how harmful and dangerous revenge is. If Earnshaw maintained the equality between Heathcliff and Hindley, revenge would not be raised. My research has ended on an optimistic message and people will surely take a lesson from it. ANALYSIS Chapter: 1 The Issue of Class System The social and class structure of 18th century were the same as it is today. Classes were confined into Lower, Bourgeois and Aristocrat. People from lower class were feeling reluctant because they did not get respect from the society. Bourgeois people used to degrade these people and that was the reason, both sides of people were feeling jealous for each other. Emily has created a new world by writing Wuthering Heights. She shows the actual game of our society in which everybody is running after lust. Acquiring of everything is not a new habit of human being. When we see Wuthering Heights under the roof of class structure, the cruel reality of human being comes in front of us. We see a selfish world, in which clever, arrogant, self centered and selfish people lives they think only for themselves. Everyone seems greedy for money. Lets take firstly the house of Wuthering Heights. People who lives in the house, belongs to middle class. The live of these people grows very well but one day Mr. Earnshaw brings a boy in his home by the name of Heathcliff. He does not get a warm welcome by the family members. Mrs Earnshaw was ready to fling out of doors: she did fly u, asking how she could fashion to bring that gypsy brat into the house. (Bronte,E.1988,ch:4:48) Even after so many years he fails to make strong relations with them. According to them, a black hair boy with dirty clothes comes and disturbs the smooth life of Wuthering Heights. Once Catherine says, Poor Healthcliff! Hindley calls him a vagabond and wont let him sit with us, nor eat with us anymore; and he says, he and I must not play together and threaten to runs him out of the house if we break his order. (Bronte, E.1988,ch:3:36) A very first question arises here why family members did not accept Heathcliff in the house? An answer of this question is, h e belongs to lower class or he has a black colour. Because of this weakness he did not get a chance to learn education, he lost his lover Catherine and the whole life of Heathcliff turned as disaster. Time passes, Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw dies. Catherine and Heathcliff come nearer on the other hand Hindley appears as an enemy of Heathcliff. Catherine loves Heathcliff but she decides to marry with Edgar. Heathcliff is a poor man with no money no assets no land. On the other hand Edgar is a rich boy with everything which any girl wants after marriage. Catherine expresses her feelings with Nelly as He will be rich and I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood, and I shall be proud of having such a husband (Bronte,E.1988,ch:8:83) If Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars? Whereas, if I marry Linton, I can aid Heathcliff to rise, and place him out of my brothers power (Bronte,E.1988,ch:8:87) Catherine shows her greedy nature, she thinks she will live lavishly with Edgar. Heathcliff wont give her high standard living which she used to live in Wuthering Heights. Nelly was also in favour of Edgar. She thinks Heathcliff is a Worthless friend (Bronte, E.1988,ch:11:113) of Catherine. According to Derek Traversi Reflection, aided by Nelly, presents Heathcliff as what he undeniably is: a brutal creature whom she could certainly abandon with social advantage to marry the young, rich and attractive Edgar Linton. Nelly guided by her inherent good nature and by long if not particularly imaginative experience of life, maintains that Edgar is a good match, that he is socially speaking acceptable and likely to bring her to normal domestic happiness, where as he